This paper has as its aim to draw the outward appearance of political participation in the Islamic state. Political participation in Muslim society is, for theoretical and technical reasons, reduced to political pluralism, which is meant the formation and legitimacy of political parties in that society. Political parties are divided in two major groups according to geographical and ideological domains.As to the former group, political parties are in turn subdivided into regional and ones, and as to the latter, political parties and wings constitute two main Islamic and non Islamic parties. Islamic parties are also divided into theological and jurisprudential groups. The paper attempts to briefly explain the advantages, disadvantages and the rules governing the activities of jurisprudential political parties taking into account the conditions of Muslim society.

Present paper analyzes states’ policies which do not pay attention to the necessity of assigning a part of power to citizens and to guard equal rights of citizens and state in exercising the power. The main question is to study the impacts of state’ s not participation on social capital and the main assumption is that state’ s not-participation is emerged as social and human capital reduction and makes the scope of society, citizens’ civil life and public ethics seriously vulnerable, insecure and threatening. Hence, more efforts by state in strengthening public trust and satisfaction through transferring the power to citizens and showing participation orientation in treating citizens, the society will be protected against social harms and disorders and fosters social capital. Present paper attempts to clarify and justice raised claim by a descriptive – analytical method and by using data fact-finding technique.

By assuming state obligation in citizen participation, present paper attempts to address the role of government in fostering public participation culture. According to authors, state real will plays a vital and undeniable role in attracting public participation path. Hence, states’ resistance and unwillingness to public participation in power exertion would pose a serious threat against public section. According to present paper, public participation is a radical factor on considering political regime as democratic which cannot be realized except than participation culture development and enhancement. Hence, the main concern of present study is on creating participation cultural grounds and emphasis on needed steps including citizen training, reintegration, orienting the participation, organizing effective groups in power, free media and deregulation to which the state should be obliged. Utilized methodology in present study is a combination of descriptive, analytical and causal techniques due to problem – orientation nature of the research.

Main goal of this article is to study the concept of State Participation in Oil and Gas Projects. We tried to define the Concept, characteristics, reasoning and challenges around the phenomenon. State Participation as a way of cooperation between Host State(HS) and International Oil Companies(IOC), may be used as main contract or as a Term of Main Contract. Government reasoning for State Participation mainly focuses on taking Control and managerial tasks by the Government, achieve experience and expertise in operations and enhance in government take. Conflict of interest, problems in financing government’ s share of Costs and political interference in operations are main challenges of State Participation. Meanwhile, State Participation has some benefits: helps IOC and HS to improve their relations and mutual understanding, National Oil Companies (NOC) can take risk and responsibility for operations, NOCs can achieve experience and expertise in the field also, managerial knowledge of IOCs will be transferred to the NOCs.

Application of regulators in production of pot plants have been increasing due to lowering growth, improving branching and the number of flowering branches. In order to study the effect of levels and application method of trinexapac-ethyl regulator on height control and morphophysiological characteristics and flowering of Zinnia elegans, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was performed. Zinnias seedlings were planted in polyethylene pots and subjected to trinexapac-ethyl with levels of zero, 2×10-3, 1×10-3, 0.5×10-3 and 4.5×10-4 g when the first bud emerged. Trinexapac-ethyl was applied in both foliar spray and soil application. According to the results, 1×10-3 and 2×10-3g trinexapac-ethyl caused significant reduction in plant height. As trinexapac-ethyl level increased, number of branches and flowers were increased accordingly most of which was under the latter treatment. Branch length and leaf number was not affected. The concentrations 1×10-3 and 2×10-3g increased chlorophyll and shoots sugars, but not on root. Similarly, soil application of Trinexapac-ethyl did not showed positive effects. In light of obtained results, foliar spray application of Trinexapac-ethyl may serve as a suitable way to produce dwarf and pot Zinnia elegans  ‘State fair mix’. Based on the obtained results, application of Trinexapac-ethyl as foliar application can control and reduce the height of the Zinnia elegans ‘State fair mix’.

The main objective of this research is to explain how teaching of Constitutional Law course in Hormozgan Islamic Azad University could influence on students political participation after they passed the lesson. The reason is that the Islamic Republic of Iran’s Constitutional Law which was approved in1357 after Iran’s Revolution contains principles when are applied will ease the participation and lead to political development. Some of these principles are as follow: people’s sovereignty, individual and social freedoms, distribution and separation of power and etc. The conclusion reached by this investigation applying descriptive and empirical methods shows in short how teaching of the Constitutional Law Principles which are about political participation have led to increasing students political participation in Hormozgan Islamic Azad University.

Water conflicts represent inevitable challenges in societies facing increasing scarcity and competing demands for limited resources. Addressing these conflicts requires intelligent governance approaches grounded in active community participation and endogenous development. This analytical paper traces the historical evolution of water management in Iran—from traditional community-based systems to centralized state control—and critically examines the negative consequences of the state’s monopolistic and bureaucratic approach. Building upon theoretical foundations such as Ostrom’s commons governance principles, the subsidiarity principle, and social–ecological resilience theory, the study emphasizes the necessity of redefining the government’s role from a direct operator to a facilitator and regulator. Drawing on successful experiences from Iran (Tajan and Tazehabad), as well as Kenya, Uganda, and Peru, the paper proposes a stepwise framework for a gradual transition toward community-based water management. The findings indicate that empowering local institutions, utilizing indigenous knowledge, and ensuring participatory monitoring can substantially reduce social tensions, improve water sustainability, and decrease management costs. The study concludes that the water crisis in Iran is primarily a governance crisis and recommends legal reforms, transparency mechanisms, and pilot projects to institutionalize participatory governance and enhance national water resilience.Keywords: Water conflicts, community participation, state control, facilitation, endogenous development, water governance.

This paper aimed at studying the relationship between staff participation and organizational health in state-run boy high schools in Tehran. A researcher-made staff participation questionnaire and the Organizational Health Inventory were administered to 147 high school teachers. They were selected through stratified random sampling. Descriptive statistics indices (such as frequency, percentile, and mean), Pearson coefficient of correlation, and Regression analysis were calculated. The findings showed that there was a significant positive relationship between staff participation and organizational health of the state-run boy high schools in Tehran. Furthermore, Regression analysis was used to predict organizational health in these high schools through the components of staff participation. The result indicated that two components of participation in change and participation in problem solving could be considered as the predictive variables in order to be used in the final regression equation to explain the variations in organizational health among state-run boy high schools in Tehran.